Outline the Theory of Natural Law

Normal Law is an absolutist and deontological way to deal with ethnics that gives us fixed good principles dependent on a nature that is deciphered by human explanation. Thomas Aquinus connected this with the Christian educating, which reflected God’s plans to work inside us, this idea is Natural Law. Thomas Aquinus was affected by Aristotle’s works. Aristotle had a view that we as a whole have a reason on this planet and so as to satisfy this reason we should arrive at a condition of eudemonia, which is a definitive satisfaction and living in an arranged society.He likewise accepted that reason is the main manner by which eudemonia can be accomplished. He accepted that we should all carry on with an existence of reason. He likewise accepted that normal laws are general and unchangeable, which implies it ought to be regular inside various societies. Aquinus expressed that there are three sorts of laws. Everlasting law, which reveals to us how the universe was made, this is the law that controls our entire universe. Endless laws are just observed as reflections, the impact every single other law in our universe. These laws cooperate reasonably to give a structure where we can reason logically.Divine law: this is the law that is known by just the individuals who have faith in God and the individuals who they have been uncovered to. The last law Aquinus expressed is regular law: this is the ethical law of God that is known by reason.. Cicero stated, â€Å"True law is the correct explanation in concurrence with nature. † The principal forms otherwise called the five essential statute of regular law are venerate, an arranged society, propagation, learning and training and finally safeguarding the honest. God engraves these statutes into us in any case on whether you are an adherent or not.Aquinus accepted that we are for the most part normally slanted to â€Å"do great and maintain a strategic distance from evil†. Aquinus doesn't accept t hat humans’ reason for existing is eudemonia, however is flawlessness, for we are made in the picture of God, so the Supreme great must be forming into this picture of Christ. Aquinus likewise informs us concerning the two sorts of good deeds. Genuine great and clear great. Genuine great is the point at which an activity is done from the integrity of one’s heart. Genuine great has to do with an unadulterated heart and no terrible goals or thought. Working out a genuine decent has to do with â€Å"reason†. Both the inside demonstration and the outside demonstration of an activity must be pure.An evident acceptable is the point at which somebody thinks what the individual in question is doing is acceptable, in the mean time it is terrible and a wrongdoing is being dedicated. A model is a man who is engaging in extramarital relations may accept that his relationship with someone else is acceptable; in the interim in all actuality he is submitting a genuine offense. Auxiliary statutes are found when we apply the essential statutes to viable circumstance. This has to do with how we treat various circumstances when deciding. Various circumstances must be dealt with in an unexpected way. Optional statutes become more teleological.Reason and experience are expected to come out with the correct result. A model would be the essential statute to revere God ,the auxiliary statutes is to decide if the method of love is satisfactory and legitimate. Shockingly there are a few conditions when well meaning goals produce a terrible result and the other way around. This was what achieved the â€Å"Doctrine of the Double Effect†. Despite the fact that it is never adequate to accomplish something awful seeking after a decent result, accomplishing something great that delivers an awful result is worthy, as long as it was not done intentionally.For model a pregnant lady who has malignant growth may need to experience chemotherapy as a decent demonstration to protect her life. In any case, the awful unintended reactions could be that the embryo is murdered. Aquinus’ Natural Law gives us an outright arrangement of rules to follow regardless of your religion or social foundation. These ethical guidelines can be reached at last contingent upon reason. A portion of the qualities of normal law are that it builds up regular standards that can without much of a stretch be followed. The fundamental standards of protecting human life, multiplication, learning and living in a general public are for the most part normal to societies, so common law is reasonable.It likewise doesn't direct precisely what we should do; it gives us rules about what ought to be done in singular cases. Ultimately, it focuses on human character and its capability to prosper and goodness rather than the misleading quality of the specific demonstrations. A couple of shortcomings are that common law is hard to relate in complex circumstances by and by. It addition ally gives individuals the plan to put together their choices with respect to suppositions. In the event that individuals don’t have this sound judgment, at that point it could be hard to make great decisions. Additionally it isn't workable for a solitary human instinct to be normal to all social orders.

According to CRC- Healthcare Factbook Essays

As indicated by CRC-Healthcare Factbook Essays As indicated by CRC-Healthcare Factbook Paper As indicated by CRC-Healthcare Factbook Paper Wellbeing is a condition of complete physical, mental and social prosperity, not just the nonattendance of ailment or infirmity.† â€World Health Organization This is the most widely recognized meaning of wellbeing today. In any case, are individuals truly accomplishing the perfect heath today. As per CRC-Healthcare Factbook (1990) the social insurance conveyance framework is the totality of all approaches foundations, offices, gear, items, HR, and administrations that address the wellbeing needs, issues and worries surprisingly. Both open and private divisions keep up their own wellbeing offices, (for example, emergency clinics, facilities and analytic focuses). Preventive human services is a significant worry of the administration claimed wellbeing focuses while remedial consideration is given by emergency clinics, both government and private. The strength of people and networks are, to a huge degree, influenced by blend of numerous elements. A person’s wellbeing is controlled by his conditions and condition. It is unseemly in this way to fault or credit the person’s condition of wellbeing to himself alone on the grounds that he is far-fetched ready to legitimately control a considerable lot of these variables notwithstanding, information on these components is significant so as to successfully advance wellbeing and forestall ailment. It is likewise essential to take note of that in understanding the multidimensional idea of wellbeing, the general wellbeing medical caretaker will presently be in better situation to plan and actualize wellbeing advancing mediations for people and networks.

The 529 Plan Pot O Gold Is Growing!

Many future college students should be feeling lucky this St. Patrickï ¿ ½s Day. A report released by the College Savings Plan Network (CSPN) announced that total investments in 529 college savings plans hit a record level of $227 billion. Thatï ¿ ½s $227 billion that will grow tax-free, and wonï ¿ ½t be taxed at withdrawal time if used to pay for qualified educational expenses. However, families still have a long way to get to the end of the rainbow. A recent article on Forbes.com points out that although the average account balance reached a new high of $19,584, this amount wonï ¿ ½t even cover the total costs of a studentï ¿ ½s freshman year at a public four-year school (See our college costs infographic). Some savings are always better than no savings, but we agree with Forbes.com that there is certainly an opportunity for more families to take advantage of the benefits of 529 plans. The CSPN data also suggests that many savers are not regularly putting money into their accounts. 48 percent of accounts did not receive contributions last year, which is partially due to the rising number of grandparents opening accounts. According to our Annual College Savings Survey, only 15 percent of grandparents plan on increasing their 529 contribution amounts in line with their income, compared to 30 percent of parents. Grandparents and other relatives may also open accounts with an initial lump sum instead of giving monthly deposits. State politicians are coming up with ways to promote the use 529 savings plans, including offering new tax incentives. Our Survey revealed that issues related to 529 plan state regulations are one of the biggest areas of confusion for our readers. Be sure to explore all of the benefits offered by your state, but keep in mind that you are not obligated to invest in your stateï ¿ ½s plan. Forbes.com reminds us that if you do receive a tax break, donï ¿ ½t forget to report contributions on your tax return each year. Many future college students should be feeling lucky this St. Patrickï ¿ ½s Day. A report released by the College Savings Plan Network (CSPN) announced that total investments in 529 college savings plans hit a record level of $227 billion. Thatï ¿ ½s $227 billion that will grow tax-free, and wonï ¿ ½t be taxed at withdrawal time if used to pay for qualified educational expenses. However, families still have a long way to get to the end of the rainbow. A recent article on Forbes.com points out that although the average account balance reached a new high of $19,584, this amount wonï ¿ ½t even cover the total costs of a studentï ¿ ½s freshman year at a public four-year school (See our college costs infographic). Some savings are always better than no savings, but we agree with Forbes.com that there is certainly an opportunity for more families to take advantage of the benefits of 529 plans. The CSPN data also suggests that many savers are not regularly putting money into their accounts. 48 percent of accounts did not receive contributions last year, which is partially due to the rising number of grandparents opening accounts. According to our Annual College Savings Survey, only 15 percent of grandparents plan on increasing their 529 contribution amounts in line with their income, compared to 30 percent of parents. Grandparents and other relatives may also open accounts with an initial lump sum instead of giving monthly deposits. State politicians are coming up with ways to promote the use 529 savings plans, including offering new tax incentives. Our Survey revealed that issues related to 529 plan state regulations are one of the biggest areas of confusion for our readers. Be sure to explore all of the benefits offered by your state, but keep in mind that you are not obligated to invest in your stateï ¿ ½s plan. Forbes.com reminds us that if you do receive a tax break, donï ¿ ½t forget to report contributions on your tax return each year.

Negative Effects Of Cell Phones - 1100 Words

In 1973, Martin Cooper, executive at Motorola, created the thing that runs the lives of many ---- a cell phone. For those living under a rock, cell phones are portable telephones that requires cellular network (ATT, Verizon and Tmobile) to make and receive phone calls. For the first time ever, a generation of kids are going through their adolescence with smartphones. As stated by Pew Research Center, â€Å"75% of 12-17 year-olds now own cell phones, up from 45% in 2004† (Lenhart 1). As cell phones advanced over the years, the increase of adolescence users increased. Teenagers nowadays are spending endless amounts of time on their cell phones. According to CNN, â€Å"Fifty percent of teens feel they are addicted to their mobile devices† (Wallace 1).†¦show more content†¦Another reason why teenagers want to use their cell phones is to check their social networking sites. As reported by Amanda Lenhart, the author of â€Å"Mobile Access Shifts Social Media Use and Other Online Activities†, â€Å"...three-quarters (76%) of teens use social media, and 81% of older teens use the sites, compared with 68% of teens 13 to 14...71% of Teen are Facebook users...† (Lenhart 1). Teens are eager users of social media sites and apps. They use social networking sites like Instagram, Facebook and Snapchat. Social media is important to most teens because they want some attention. Social media sites allow teens to bond with people and live their lives vicariously through social media. Lastly, Teens use their cell phones as a portable entertainment devices. Teens use cell phones to listen to music and watch videos instead of relying on their TVs or iPods. According to Aaron Smith, author of â€Å"Americans and Their Cell Phones†, â€Å"70% of 18-29 year old cell owners have used their phone for entertainment when they were bored† (Smith 1). There are apps taking over the tech world that provide games, shows/movies and music on smartphones. Most teens feel it is important to enjoy the services the phone provides. Nowadays, teenagers use apps like youtube and netflix to watch movies/shows anywhere they feel â€Å"bored†. Consequently, Cell phones are an addiction to many teenagers. Many teens are compelled to use their phones while in bed whenShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects of Cell Phones1731 Words   |  7 Pagestask easier. A cell phone is a type of technology that is a common thing to see in everyday life. The world and the people in it have gotten used to this technology. Cell phones are making the lives of an estimated two hundred sixty five million Americans (Natterson 103) and three billion worldwide (Natterson 103), easier. As useful as cell phones may be, there are negative effects in over using cell phones. 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The average cell phone user spends two hours a day using them. This shows that out of all the down time people have from school, jobs, or other activities, they are usually going to be on their cell phones. Almost everyone is addicted to havingRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Cell Phones717 Words   |  3 Pages In todays technological era we rely heavily on technology, from our phones all the way to our Smart Tvs. However, peoples need to bring their smartphones with them everywhere they go has started to become a problem regarding the way we connect with others. We need better cell phone etiquette because without it the way people intermingle could completely change in a negative way. A lack of a stricter cell phone etiquette has led people to stop interacting with each other, live their lives throughRead MoreNegative Effects Of Cell Phones1005 Words   |  5 Pagesthat were involved by the cause of having a cell phone. 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The Knowledge Of The Arts And Science Essay - 971 Words

In Metaphysics 1.1 , Aristotle claims â€Å"All men by nature desire to know† (980a) and that this knowledge is freedom. Shortly after claiming man’s want to have knowledge, he begins to distinguish between man and animal; all animals have the knowledge of sense - feeling the cold of a snowflake, or the seeing the sun go down - this all beings have. Aristotle then goes on to describe additional types of knowledge that become more exclusive to the human experience as they go further. Memory knowledge, that only some animals have; the knowledge of experience even less animals have - although some might argue that animals don’t have this knowledge and in fact, this is where the types of knowledge become a privilege that only humans can possess - and finally, the knowledge of art and science, which is agreed that only humans have. It is this type of knowledge that Aristotle says is only allowed once we have the freedom from our most basic needs of survival. Knowledge of the arts and science is the highest level, â€Å"for it was when almost all the necessities of life and the things that make for comfort and recreation had been secured, that such knowledge began to be sought† (982b.22-24.) This freedom, the freedom of learning the most honorable of the levels of knowledge, is highly valued by Aristotle and according to Simonides, only â€Å"God alone can have this privilege† (982b.30). Knowledge of the arts and sciences if rather the knowledge of the what AND the why - take for example theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Ethical Decisions on the Discovery of Knowledge in the Natural Science and Art1075 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Science cannot stop while ethics catches up†¦ and nobody should expect scientists to do all the thinking for the country† Elvin Charles Stakman (http://www.cesim.fr). The quote illustrates how science and ethics are interconnected but ethics is hindering what science can achieve. The knowledge is sue I will be addressing is what impact do ethical decisions have on limiting the discovery of knowledge in the natural sciences and arts? One day in biology class we were discussing the potential benefitsRead MoreIn Areas of Knowledge Such as the Arts or the Sciences, Do We Learn More from Work That Follows or That Breaks with Accepted Convention?1825 Words   |  8 PagesTOK ESSAY In areas of knowledge such as the arts and the sciences, do we learn more from work that follows or that breaks with accepted conventions? Question 6: In areas of knowledge such as the arts and the sciences, do we learn more from work that follows or that breaks with accepted conventions? Is it possible that we learn equally from seemingly contradictory situations of work that follows and work that breaks with accepted conventions? Stereotypically the sciences and mathematics are allRead MoreThe Natural Sciences And The Arts1179 Words   |  5 Pagesthe natural sciences and the arts. 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Introduction The terms science and art are essential for the nursing practiceRead MoreEthical Implications in the Fields of Science and Arts Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe knowledge question is asking to identify and discuss ethical implications that might interfere with the production of knowledge in the field of natural sciences and arts. Ethics is defined as the moral principles that govern a person’s or group’s behaviors and actions towards a certain subject. Ethical implications are the problems that a certain action would have on ethics. This particular essay title tackles the areas of knowledge of natural sciences and arts and ethics. Many knowledge issuesRead MoreIs management an art or a science1538 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion has been raised and various people have given an insight on what their beliefs are on whether management is an art or a science. 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Pricing and Revenue Management

Question: Explain about the pricing and revenue management. Answer: Recommended Pricing Summary:- Monkey Baa is a popular theatre group of Australia, whose target audiences are mainly young generation. The prime goal of the company is to attract more young audiences towards the new-age theatre. The company wishes to introduce new pricing strategy to make the plays more popular and draw more crowds to the theatre hall. Therefore, the new pricing strategy of the company suggests that there should three different prices for three different groups. The recommended prices for the company are $ 47.50, $63.90 and $ 87.85 for for 2 set of tickets, 3 set of tickets and 4 set of tickets respectively. The new pricing policy can be applied both individually and in a bundle. But the nature of the pricing strategy suggests that if it is applied in bundle it will be more profitable for the company and cost-effective for consumers as well (Ellickson et al. 2012). Determination of the recommended Prices:- The recommended prices have been determined through extensive market research and data analysis. Various audiences have been interviewed with a set of questionnaire. As per the consumers preferences and behavior, three different groups are selected on the basis of the number of tickets. By analyzing several pricing approaches, three individual price ranges are set for the three groups. Then the information, gathered from the consumers, are used to analyzed the different prices under the three groups under two different statistical method. The outcomes of the two methods are further compared with the cost of production and market trend to select the best possible prices for each group (Sauer 2015). Implementation Strategy:- The implementation of the new pricing strategy is also suggested in the report. The implementation can be conducted through various platforms. The social media marketing can be proved to be effective to attract the younger audiences. Moreover, the company can use online websites for distribution of the tickets. Monkey Baa may also adopt various typical advertising strategies to communicate the potential consumers about the new pricing strategy (Bodea and Ferguson 2014). Possible Price Implementation Issue:- The main issue for the successful implementation of the new pricing policy, is the consumer behavior. The success of the theatre industry depends mainly on the performance of the actors and quality of the play. If the consumers do not get satisfied by the quality performance or their preference do not match with the company, the new pricing strategy cannot be successful. Moreover, the average costs, used for the calculation of the pricing, were based on estimation. If the actual costs become higher than the estimation, then also the new pricing cannot be able generate the required profit for the company (McMahon-Beattie et al. 2016). Alternative Pricing Options:- The pricing strategy can be determined on basis of different approaches also. The pricing is set on the basis of quantity of tickets. It can be determined on the basis of the age-group or combination of the different age-group. Moreover, the company may follow the market trend to set a price level. The company can charge different prices for different plays on the basis of the actual production cost, to be incurred for the individual plays. Reference List:- Bodea, T. and Ferguson, M., 2014. Segmentation, revenue management and pricing analytics. Routledge. Ellickson, P.B., Misra, S. Nair, H.S. 2012, "Repositioning dynamics and pricing strategy",Journal of Marketing Research,vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 750 McMahon-Beattie, U., McEntee, M., McKenna, R., Yeoman, I. and Hollywood, L., 2016. Revenue management, pricing and the consumer. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management. Sauer, B. 2015, "The benefits of variable pricing strategies",Trailer/Body Builders (Online Exclusive.

Janette Turner Hospital 4 Vivid Female Characters In Her Two Novels E

Janette Turner Hospital: 4 Vivid Female Characters In Her Two Novels With " beautifully executed images" , Janette Turner Hospital creates four vivid female character in her two novels. The four characters are Juliet and Yashoda in The Ivory Swing and Elizabeth and Emily in The Tiger in the Tiger Pit . Each of the above is invested by Turner Hospital with a deep consciousness. In the view of Janette Turner Hospital, women are immensely uncertain. They are never sure of what they want. However, when it comes to dealing with external conflicts, they are very strong-willed. On the other hand, she also indicates that maternal love is strong. Women have passionate beliefs in the importance of the family. As the stories follow, these feminine personalities are gradually proved. Before leaving for India, Juliet had a hard time deciding whether to stay with her professor husband, David, or move to Montreal to stay with her former lover Jeremy. Uncertain as usual, all Juliet wants is to " maintain the balancing act." She could never summon up the courage to face new circumstances. Her mind is never firm enough to challenge the present state. So she makes her choice in the order of morality. She stays with her husband and leaves for India with him. It is more likely that the fate designated Juliet's future. She is married to Dave on her own accord. Therefore, she does what a good wife is supposed to do. 1. Reviewed in : Booklist v.79 p.994 Apr 1, 1983 2. " The Ivory Swing " p.18 In Kerala, where David is on sabbatical to study primitive Indian culture, the couple encounters Yashoda," a widow who does not accept the fate and rigid rules of her culture." Yashoda wants the right to wear jewellery, to appear in public; most of all, she wants love. She does not care about either inauspicious or disgrace. She even runs the risk of being penalized to travel with Annie. For an Indian woman such as Yashoda, it is considered quite difficult adjusting to her society. Among the four female characters, many similarities are found between Juliet and Elizabeth. Like Juliet, Elizabeth has to choose between her husband and lover. The only difference is that the death of her lover has certainly made her life easier. She no longer doubts anymore after Jeremy's death. Her cross-roads becomes one way and ever since then her life is as simple as an ordinary housewife. Elizabeth still recalls her past, but she appreciates that fact that fate decides her future for her. In this case she avoids family and friendship broken. And she has something to remembrance for a life time. Elizabeth's youngest child, Emily, is the mysterious woman of the four. In Montreal where she happens to be pregnant and Sydney where she encounters her lover, Dave. She thereafter moves to England. It is obvious that Emily love Dave a lot; but she is a uncertain as can be. Her leaving Dave without even saying good-bye represents her 3. Reviewed in : Booklist v.79 p.994 Apr,1983 doubts. She is afraid that once she has to face the reality, her love for Dave, she would crush. Juliet and Elizabeth both stay with their husbands after all, yet they do not own what they really want. Dave has noticed Juliet's " staring from the window of their house like a woman behind bars" , so has Emily mentions about her about her mother's " standing at the French window like a caged bird." Emily is aware of her uncertainty. Therefore, she decides to leave Dave for England. In her opinion she only wants to get away from complicated life to sort things out; but instead of talking to Dave about it, she leaves secretly. Her doing so has hurt Dave and sacrificed her son's, Adam, happiness as well as her own. It is easy to get this kind of impression that Yashoda might be the exceptional certain woman because it seems that she fights for her ideas; however, if she has the courage to challenge realities, she should be brave enough to face the results. On the contrary, Yashoda begs for rescue. One can only say she acts as if she was a spoiled kid. The four women all have something in common. The problem is they are afraid to let out their feelings. 4. " The Ivory Swing " p.152 5. " The Tiger in the Tiger Pit " p.32 Although Janette Turner Hospital implies that women are uncertain, she believes that when it comes to dealing with external conflicts,

The United States and Johnsons War essays

The United States and Johnson's War essays In the 1950s, the People's Republic of China became a growing source of concern for the United States. China's expansion of power and influence was potentially leading to the spread of communism in the world, especially in Asia. The United States wanted to keep its position in Asia, so they decided to take a lead role in the containment of China. The United States new containment policy focused on South Vietnam. It was here that the revolutionary Vietcong were trying to overthrow the South Vietnamese government, which America supported. The Vietcong, supported by Communist North Vietnam, had ties to China. After the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson inherited the conflict in Vietnam. Johnson came to office convinced that the United States had to respect its commitment to South Vietnam and resist communist control. The President felt that the United States could only encourage and support the development of the political and military programs in South Vietn am. He was convinced that success depended predominantly on the South Vietnamese. As the war dragged on the South Vietnamese became weaker, and the war became increasingly controlled by the United States. Johnson's dilemma was whether he should Americanize the war or not; his resolution was to become involved in the conflict, and his decision crippled his plans to improve the nation. The Johnson Administration's approach to foreign policy was that we would not tolerate aggression, and we would honor our commitment to South Vietnam. The United States learned in World War II, that aggression could not be tolerated because it can lead to such atrocities as World War or a Holocaust. In addition, the United States had a policy that we would limit the spread of communism because, in the eyes of America, democracy should prevail. To prevent communist control of South Vietnam, which already had an American presence, the United States was committed to supporting ...

WASH ASSISTANT Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

WASH ASSISTANT - Personal Statement Example tional Rescue Committee (IRC) based in Garowe in Somalia because I possess the potential, prerequisite knowledge and experience required to make a difference. According to Godfrey (2005), the IRC responds to the worst humanitarian crisis in the world by helping people survive and rebuild their lives. The IRC’s objectives and goals inspire me to contribute to alleviating the suffering of people afflicted by calamities, and in the process acquire more experience and knowledge with regard to disaster management. My training on several essential WASH courses with redr.uk on mock WASH cluster gives me an added advantage. This is borne out of the fact that during these training sessions I have to collaborate with other WASH actors in identifying and addressing gaps in an emergency response. Given this opportunity to work with the IRC in Garowe in Somalia, I will be able to apply and test the viability of the proposed strategies to address the gaps in emergency response. My focus will be to address and enhance WASH protocols in a bid to improve disaster emergency responses by filling the gaps identified. This will include conducting household water and hygiene promotion and assessments to gauge the safety and appropriateness of available water sources in use during and after disasters. This will be in an effort to mitigate the effects of unsanitary water sources in calamities. To this effect, my experiences will enable me to easily identify WASH related factors needed to control and eliminate neglected tropical and respiratory diseases. This has also enabled me to formulate prevention strategies against water borne diseases and water related insect vector disease phenomena, which I can apply to improve the capacity of

Competitive Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Competitive Strategy - Essay Example South African Breweries had acquired Miller Brewing Company in 2002 and had become SABMiller. The third task is to explain the implications of its current strategic position for the future of SABMiller. Finally the paper will recommend the strategies that South African Breweries (and SABMiller) should follow in the coming years. South African Breweries was started in 1895 mainly to cater to the growing mining population in Johannesburg, what is now South Africa. Throughout the existence of the company, it has recorded consistent growth through entry into new markets and acquisitions. The company could also survive the turbulent period of the two World Wars and the eventual abolition of apartheid. In 1962, the company found a new domestic market segment when the government lifted a long lasting prohibition of alcohol consumption by blacks. The company had also entered into other diverse fields such as safety matches, glass making, hospitality, gaming, and textiles. The company also followed its strategic plans by rapidly expanding into Eastern Europe and other developing economies in Asia like China and India. It has presence in markets located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, North America and Europe. SABMiller has more than 200 types or brands of beer and employees nearly 60,000 by the parent company alone. Its breakup of revenue according to markets and type of business is given below. Competitive Strategy: According to the famous management theorist and author, Michael Porter every large organization will have two sets of strategies. One is for expansion of its business referred to as competitive strategy and the other for the survival and growth of the organization as a whole referred to as corporate strategy. (Porter 1998, 117). Competitive strategy is easy to conceive in the mind but difficult to define, because of the sheer diversity in different forms of businesses, markets and the type of leadership or

Analyzes paper on Medea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzes paper on Medea - Essay Example Pasolini’s Medea effectively shows the clash that exists between ancient and old fashioned culture and the modern civilization. Through the relationship between Medea and Jason, viewers are shown how archaic or outdated culture is crashed in the hands of modern culture and the new ways of doing things. Given that the movie takes place in the 1960s, Europe, like most parts of the world at the time, was experiencing change. Through the film, Pasolini effectively shows how different groups in the society attempted to resist such changes, but were overpowered by the wave of modernity. The old was paving way for the new. In this movie, Pasolini successfully brings out the clash between the old and the new, and how the old cultures eventually die in the hands of the modern revolutionary ways. Medea is shown to be a woman of the old, ancient world who is overtaken by the changes taking place in the new world. Medea is portrayed as a woman who experiences reality in a totally differen t way, and sees herself as the only thing that has remained unchanged over time. She still holds onto barbaric and outdated traditions and practices. For example, after the boy is sacrificed and sliced into portions, other larger pieces are burnt. Medea is shown to use a kind of wheel that spins the smoke across the fields. This is an illustration of how Medea believed and prompted old-fashioned practices such as the making of human sacrifices. Her husband Jason and the two children are used to represent modernity. Jason realizes that Medea is too old fashioned for him and decides to marry the daughter of the king, who is much younger. This illustrates who modernity overpowers the old ways. Medea is used to illustrate the sufferings of the ancient people. Through the movie, Pasolini figuratively shows the audience the kind of anguish and pain the ancient people went through in the hands of other barbaric individuals. The movie thus successfully reminds the audience of the need to

Machiavelli’s The Prince as a Modern Political Guidebook Essay

The Prince as a Modern Political Guidebook       "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown."  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV 111.1.31) Kingship and leadership is a human concept.   Contraptions and   fiction invented by human beings that hold the fabric of   society together.   It is the job of the leader to make the fiction work for the good of all.   The quote above evokes the overall feeling about kingship held by both Prince Hal and his father in Shakespeare's Henry plays.   Being a leader is perhaps the most difficult position one can ever attain.   And in the same vein that King Henry IV says this above line, so does his son King Henry V offer this lament:      The slave, a member of the country's peace, Enjoys it; but in gross brain little wots What watch the King keeps to maintain the peace, Whose hours the peasant best advantages.   (Henry V:   IV.i 280-4)    Shakespeare was acutely aware that there was little difference between a real king and a player-king.   He gives us Henry V, a prince who knows how to be both.   We see him as a politician dealing with ambassadors and a diplomat dealing with his advisors.   He dispenses justice and mercy.   He must know when to execute traitors and thieves and when to free drunks who insult him in the streets.   He is a warrior and an oratorical wizard.   He inspires courage in the face of desperate circumstances and perhaps most importantly he knows how to seem one thing while he is another.   All these qualities make Hal Shakespeare's quintessential prince and these are the qualities that Niccolo Machiavelli saw as necessities for any "good" leader of a people.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Prince, written in Florence in the year 1513, by Machiavelli, is one of t... ...cause he didn't teach anything that wasn't already known to powerful leaders.   In fact, in his address to Lorenzo de Medici, as I noted earlier, he states that the conclusions he makes are drawn from his knowledge of history.   Throughout the book he makes references to historical situations and events that employ the very means to political success he describes.   What is great about The Prince is not its original content but that it mirrors the politics of his time as well as our time.   The book is a product of the Italian Renaissance in that it attempts to explain how things really are rather than how they are perceived.    WORKS   CITED Machiavelli, Niccolo.   The Prince.   Trans.   Christian E. Detmold.   New York:   Airmont, 1965. Strauss, Leo.   "Machiavelli the Immoralist."   The Prince:   A Norton Critical Edition.   New York:   W.W. Norton, 1977.   180-185.

Art: in the beginning Essay

Art, can you imagine a time when art wasn’t part of your culture, it has been around for an extremely long time even the crave man did it. Imagine how much it has evolved since then. In order to understand the technical aspect of art, how the art was created and understanding it’s meaning, you have to travel back in time to Egyptian art. Egypt started it all which influenced the Greeks’ art. Both Egyptian and Greek art has played a heavy influence on today’s Western traditional art. However, they both went about the creation of Art differently. They had different focal points, technics and humanistic views. Embark through the journey of learning about Ancient Art and maybe your view point on art will change. Egyptian imagery was governed by sociality ideals of what was suitable at the time which is why their art seem to appear extremely stagnant. This was done on purpose because they believe that it made their art seem stable with a deific balance. Egyptian art had a common theme, its focused on gods/goddess, royalty and the afterlife. Their art conveyed an idealized version of a person. However, Greeks art may have been influenced by Egyptian art but they took a more of a realistic focal point of art. When creating a human they created a realistic idea of a person by emphasizing facial expressions, stance and their location upon the canvas. When the Egyptian may have focus more on the afterlife then the living the Greeks was the opposite, they value life. Their differences doesn’t stop there it is evident that they both used different approaches to create art. Every artist has a median they used to create the picture they have in their mind. For instance the Egyptian used stone, wood and metal to create sculptures. This limited the amount of movement and actions of the depicted image. Egyptian artists embraced the two-dimensional surfaces. This is where registers where created, separate the scene in the picture as well as a floor for the figure to appear to be standing on. Without the registers the scene would appear chaotic; battles and hunting scenes. The Greeks enjoy creating art on pottery, the Black-and-Red (later there was also Red-and-Black) techniques were used to decorate fine pottery. The formation and creation of the pot in its self is art with the added effect of the  picture that was place on the surface. This form of art had a practical used to it because the specific shapes signified its daily usage, storing and transportation of wine and amphora (food things). Both Egypt and Greece biggest influence of art was based on the human world. They saw the beauty of the naked body but they still have different ideals. The Egypt highlighted the physic of a person rather the humanistic characteristic. While the Greek figure is in the nude, athletic built, youthful, and has a perfect proportion. Egyptians mainly focus on the complete picture. If you standing in an ancient art museum will you be able to identify the Egyptian art and the Greek art by now looking at the technical aspect? They may have a big influence on today’s world of art. The creation of pottery is relatively the same just more efficient with modern technology. The center point of art may have shifted but they all universally go back to the same theme, human life. The technical aspect of art varies now a days and humans remain the focal point of art. Both Egyptians and Greeks approach of art was great, both embodies today’s art.

The History of Bill Gates - 2211 Words

Marinda Hall Business Communications Dr. Joseph Jang Rise of an Empire- Bill Gates Introduction William Henry Bill Gates III is an American business philanthropist, author, and is chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the worlds wealthiest people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder, with more than 8 percent of the common stock. He has also authored and co-authored several books. Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Although he†¦show more content†¦Philanthropy The Bill amp; Melinda Gates Foundation (Bamp;MGF or the Gates Foundation) is the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. The foundation is driven by the interests and passions of the Gates family. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington is controlled by three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates, and Warren Buffet. As of December 31, 2009 the foundation has had an endowment of $33.5 billion. In 2007, the founders were named as the second most generous philanthropists in America. The Gates Foundation gives away approximately $1 billion annually. Its overarching philanthropic goals are to promote education and health for the worlds underprivileged. The Gates Foundation funds a variety of health initiatives in the developing world, such a s the search for vaccines for AIDS and malaria. Its educational initiatives include a minority scholarship program and a campaign to provide computers to needy public libraries across the United States and Canada. The foundation has three main program areas, each with a specific focus. * Global Health Program The Global Health program work in infectious diseases focuses on developing ways toShow MoreRelatedBill Gates s Speech And History Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pages1.1. Bill gates biography and history Bill Gates came from vital and spirited family projects. William Gates II is the father of Bill Gates who is a Seattle attorney. William Gates II is the father of Bill Gates, a lawyer in Seattle. Gates Mary is the mother of Bill Gates, how can a teacher at the University of Washington regent and head of the international road. At the age of thirteen, and Bill Gates, who began to show an interest in the field of computer programming. 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Communication Community Language - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 30 Words: 8912 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Discourse is the language in which certain subjects within a particular field of study are spoken and written about. The communication used by each discourse community is familiar to all who work within each particular field of study. The professional discourse of the professional community of natural resources is scientific discourse. Scientific discourse requires fundamental knowledge of the natural sciences and the ability to apply scientific terms and ideas. Communication with others in a professional community is important for teaching and learning within natural resources. Being able to apply scientific discourse in ones career is needed to maintain credibility and to continue the learning process. Part of scientific discourse is communication with the public and making research and other information available to those who want to access it. There are guidelines for publication of writing that need to be followed. These standards of writing allow information to be uniform in ap pearance and maintain professional accuracy. In order to be a respected member of a professional society the proper discourse becomes an important part of language and is practiced and applied. The discourse is taught throughout a professional career and is constantly being added to throughout educational and field experiences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communication Community Language" essay for you Create order Research Project DISCOURSE Discourse can be simply defined as communication of ideas and information, but discourse should also be considered the study of how language is used to share thoughts, influence others, and to define specific ideas to create meaning. Many people understand discourse as the unit of language organized around a particular subject matter and meaning (The University of Chicago 2006). There are many discourses that are used by many different groups of people, and each discourse is specific to the message that needs to be conveyed. The discourse used depends on the subjects being discussed and the language, both written and spoken, that is being used. The discourse one uses in a professional community consists of the rules of language used to effectively communicate with and understand one another in each particular field of study. In order to be taken seriously as a knowledgeable person of a specific subject, the correct discourse must be learned and applied. To be able to communicate with the people that a person needs and wants to associate with, certain rules need to be followed for effective understanding of the language. There are discourse communities that have common goals, share an understanding, and have expectations of the language that should be used by all who are a part of the community. When one is a member of a discourse community, the language used should follow the structured ideas that have previously been used for ease of communication of ideas. Writing should not take place until the proper techniques for word usage, conventions, and context are understood and practiced (RiceOWL 2005). In addition, certain topics are expected to be discussed in individual discourse communities, while other topics that are considered irrelevant or inappropriate should not be considered. A discourse community shares similar thoughts and ideas that are often comparable to other discourse communities, but knowledge of a particular discours e is key in becoming part of the community. SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE Different subjects require different discourses and within the natural resources profession, scientific discourse is used to communicate ideas. To write using scientific discourse, one must write and speak to fit the standards that have been set and understand the expectations required by them. To use scientific discourse, knowledge of natural sciences such as biology are essential to build familiarity of the correct terminology that should be used in order to communicate precisely. For example, understanding the classification of taxonomic terms and the correct way to use them is important to communicating within the natural sciences. Scientific names are used worldwide and are part of the discourse of every professional studying natural sciences. Scientific discourse is notable for having discursive space, and for such things as using more nouns than verbs, using a high level of abstraction, employing technical jargons, and minimizing self-reference (Mizrach 2008). Using the proper discourse becomes the way in which all members of the scientific discourse community learn to write and speak to one another, and this language is reflected in their work. Through a college education, the foundation for effective professional communication is established. In the natural resources profession, the educational opportunities that are available serve as the basis for communicating throughout ones entire career. As one becomes more familiar with subjects related to ones particular educational and personal interests, the ability to express ideas becomes easier and customary. Through employment in a natural resources related field vital knowledge is gained through experience. Much learning comes as a result from having performed many duties, and the more experiences that someone has will lead to becoming a beneficial member of society. Those with the most experience lead the way in research and conservation and provide guidance to other professionals through their actions. As a member of a professional community, the need to continue learning and keep up with current events is essential to staying knowledgeable in order to gain and maintain cr edibility. To stay current about policies and research, various publications related to natural resources should be read and understood, meetings and conventions of professional societies within natural resources should be attended, and associations with other professionals in the field should be made to gain experience and knowledge. An important part of communication in science related fields is understanding the practice of scientific naming. Taxonomy is the science and process of naming living organisms and through this process every recognized species on earth has a scientific name that consists of two parts, the genus and species (University of Michigan 2006). The names that are assigned to each specific organism are in Latin, which is considered the international language of science. The scientific names, although confusing to the general public, are meaningful to the science professionals who study them. Often the scientific names that are given to an organism are descriptive and give clues to relationships with other related species. Fluency in scientific naming aids in effective communication around the world. The common names of organisms are often misleading and numerous and can also vary from one area of the world to another and for that reason a complete understanding of scientific naming is essentia l for learning and teaching others within the natural sciences. APPLYING SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE In natural resources, professional societies work to serve their members and inform the public about the importance of their work. Members of these societies strive to accomplish goals and live by the mission statement of the group. These professionals actively attend conventions, workshops, and meetings to interact with other professionals who share the same interests. These members come together to discuss, analyze, and learn more about their common goals. Making the effort to attend and be proactive at these functions shows dedication and garners respect. Groups such as the Soil and Water Conservation Society, the Society of American Foresters, The Wildlife Society, and the National Park and Recreation Association have websites that make information about them very accessible to those who want to learn more. Links to publications and other educational material are provided to anyone who wants access to it. The publication of journal articles, reports, and books is regulated by peer-review, which ensures the quality and accuracy of these professional, researched materials (Washington State University 2006). Through the peer-review process, written work is judged by standards already set in research, methods, presentation, and quality. In natural resources, the format for writing that should be followed by all professionals is the Council of Biology Editors style guide. This guide sets the standards for writings and provides the basis for which reviewing and editing can take place. Along with format, the style guide also shows the proper way to use tables, numbers and units, times and dates, mathematical equations, abbreviations and acronyms, and punctuation (Chamberlain 2007). Those editing the work have control over what gets published and also have the ability to maintain standards. Another important aspect of writing and speaking in natural resources is using language in effective ways to obtain grants and other forms of funding for research, facilities, and reaching goals. Speaking and writing well reflect on ones self and ones professional community in great ways and can lead to a more productive future. Without funding further developments cannot be made and current research cannot continue to the full extent and as a result interest in the subject may be lost. Reports also need to be written to give evidence that the appropriate research took place and the results need to be clearly stated. The language used needs to be professional and clear for those in charge of distributing funds to be able to understand. Knowing the specific discourse of a particular profession is essential to a successful career. Not being able to communicate properly and not having an understanding of the appropriate subjects does not allow for advancement in any professional community. The scientific discourse used in natural resources provides a worldwide understanding for all who practice it. It is expected that professionals have a firm grasp of the language that defines their work and they must be able to effectively use it in verbal and written communication. The need for this common understanding leads to the accomplishment of common goals for the professional community. The use of language provides a way to show others the importance of ones work and without the ability to do so, significant breakthroughs in all career fields would not receive the recognition that is deserved. THE HISTORY OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources have always been a part of the earth, but proper management of them did not occur until the 1800s. Prior to that, settlers saw the resources of the open country stretching out in front of them as limitless. Trees in forests were cut down and prairies were made in to farmland. Wetlands were drained and roads were built to create access to the ever-changing landscape. The hard work and determination of several key individuals caused a change in environmental awareness that keeps increasing as time goes on. The need to conserve the natural resources of this country is an important issue that has had many significant events occur as a result. Human interaction with the environment takes place daily, and to conserve nature for future generations the proper understanding between man and nature must be met. IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN NATURAL RESOURCES One of the most influential conservationists of the nineteenth century was John Muir. Among his greatest accomplishments was his devotion to the conservation and preservation of forested lands in the western United States. Muir was born in Scotland in 1838 and immigrated to the United States at the age of eleven. He spent his adolescent years in Wisconsin and attended the University of Wisconsin, but he did not graduate. Instead, he observed nature and recorded his findings of plant and animal life. In 1867, he walked from Indiana to the Gulf of Mexico to observe the countrys plant and animal life and physical features. The following year, Muir traveled to Californias Yosemite Valley where he studied the area for several years. During the 1880s, he became a horticulturalist and found interest in the study of trees and the great need for the preservation of natural, forested lands. He believed that land of unique beauty needed protection from exploitation of timber, grazing, and minin g interests. For this reason, Muir became the driving force behind the establishment of Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks in order to preserve the great sequoia trees. The establishment of federally owned lands allowed for preservation and protection, as well as public enjoyment and economic value (Ryan 2000). In 1892, Muir founded the Sierra Club, which remains dedicated to his goals of preservation and exploration of Americas wildlife and wilderness areas to this day. Muir played an important role in the establishment of national monuments, national forest reserves, and other national parks, such as Yellowstone National Park. In 1914, Muir died but his love for the American wilderness would forever live on in his writings. Throughout his life, he kept journals to record his observations and wrote books and articles that influenced many to follow his naturalist path. Gifford Pinchot is often called the father of conservation because he was a firm believer in the wise use of resources to provide for future generations. He was born in Connecticut in 1865 and graduated from Yale University in 1889. After graduation, Pinchot went to France to study forestry. While overseas, he learned the value of selective rather than unrestrained harvesting of forests and applied what he learned in his position as chief of the Division of Forestry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which later became known as the U.S. Forest Service (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission 2008). He served as chief forester with this agency from 1898 to 1910 where he introduced scientific principles to forest management. Throughout his career with the Forest Service, Pinchot restructured the management and increased the number of national forest lands. He had a utilitarian based approach to resource management that provided the greatest good for the greatest number in the long run. In 1905, there were 60 forest reserves in the United States that covered 56 million acres; five years later, there were 150 national forests that covered 172 million acres (Forest History Society 2005). The large increase in national forest land in this short amount of time can be credited to Pinchots concern for the conservation of American forests and his diligence in effective management of natural resources. Pinchots leadership allowed him to accomplish many things not only within the federal government, but also within professional societies. He founded the Yale School of Forestry Environmental Studies. He also became the leader of the Society of American Foresters and worked to provide leadership and motivation for the management and protection of forests and resources. Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States in 1901, but his love for nature was evident long before he was sworn into office. Before his presidency, Roosevelt spent time in the Badlands of North Dakota where he went to heal himself after the deaths of his mother and wife. The time he spent there made him aware of the damage that was being done to the land and the wildlife. He noticed that populations of some big game species were rapidly decreasing, grasslands were being overgrazed, and the habitats of birds and small mammals were being destroyed. When he became President, he took action and made significant contributions to the preservation of the countrys natural resources. Roosevelt urged Congress to form the Forest Service to manage the nations forest reserves, and also appointed Gifford Pinchot to lead the agency. During his time in office, Roosevelt set aside over 100 million acres of land to be protected from exploitation by commercial profit. This land included 150 National Forests, 51 Bird Reserves, 4 Game Reserves, and 5 National Parks (National Park Service 2008). In 1906, Roosevelt signed the Antiquities Act, which gave control of historic landmarks, structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest to the government. The first 18 National Monuments in the United States were established through this act. Theodore Roosevelt contributed more to the preservation of natural resources than any other president before him. To pay tribute to his accomplishments and his personal concern of natural resources, Theodore Roosevelt National Park was created in his name, his likeness was carved unto Mount Rushmore, and his homes and various other places were named after him. His efforts allowed for the preservation and conservation of natural lands for future generations to enjoy. Another person who played an important role in the preservation of natural resources was Aldo Leopold. Aldo Leopold was born in Iowa in 1887 and he spent his childhood years hunting in the nearby forests, swamps, and fields where he discovered nature. He went on to Yale University to attend the School of Forestry and in 1909, after graduation, he joined the U.S. Forest Service. He was sent to work in New Mexico and this is where he recognized that the agency needed to do more for the environment than manage timber production. Leopold believed that wilderness areas were decreasing too fast and convinced the Forest Service to set aside 500,000 acres in New Mexico as the National Forest Systems first wilderness area. In 1928, Leopold resigned from the Forest Service to spend more time researching wildlife and became a consulting forester. In the Midwest, he conducted surveys of game populations and published his findings in a textbook called Game Management. In 1933, he became professor of wildlife management at the University of Wisconsin, the first position of that kind in the United States. Leopold and other conservationists formed the Wilderness Society as a result of their concern of wilderness being lost. In 1935, Leopold and his family moved to a farm on the Wisconsin River where they rebuilt a chicken coop into a cabin that they called The Shack and planted thousands of trees to restore the health of the land. During the time he spent at the Shack, Leopold was able to observe nature and expand on his ideas about humans relationship with nature. His thoughts were captured in A Sand County Almanac, where he introduced the country to the land ethic. Leopold believed that conservation is a state of harmony between man and the land, and that to achieve this harmony, humans need to have respect for natural resources and work to maintain the health of the land (The Wilderness Society 2008). The writings of Rachel Carson contributed to the conservation and environmental movement of the 1960s. She was born in Pennsylvania in 1907 and had a love for nature as a child. Carson graduated from the Pennsylvania College for Women in 1929 and studied at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. She went on to Johns Hopkins University and received a degree in zoology in 1932. During the Depression she worked for the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries writing radio scripts. She also worked for the Baltimore Sun writing articles about natural history. During her years with the Bureau of Fisheries, later known as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Carson was promoted to staff biologist, and later to chief editor for all the agencys publications in 1949. While writing many pamphlets about conservation and natural resources, Carson also wrote books that gave her recognition as a naturalist and writer of science. In 1952, she resigned from her position with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to focus on her writing. The articles that she wrote gave attention to the beauty of nature and often showed that human beings were but one part of nature distinguished primarily by their power to alter it, in some cases irreversibly (Lear 1998). In 1962 one of her most famous books, Silent Spring, alerted the public to the harmful effects that pesticides and herbicides posed to wildlife and humans. She researched the misuse of these chemicals and their long-term effects and her findings challenged the way the government and agricultural workers used them. Carson received much attention for her work and the publics concern about the environment increased. The federal government took notice of this issue as well and reviewed the pesticide policy and some pesticide use was banned. Shortly after this took place, the Environmental Protection Agency was established to regulate and promote proactive solutions to environmental issues. Rachel Carson was the driving force behind the environm ental movement and caused Americans to take notice of the environment around them. SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN NATURAL RESOURCES In May of 1804, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began an expedition to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Northwest for the United States government. The expedition resulted in the discovery of plant and animal species that were previously unknown. Lewis and Clark dutifully kept journals to record their findings of plant and animal life. During the course of the expedition, they recorded their first encounters of 122 animals and 178 trees and plants (Sierra Club 2008). Descriptions and illustrations filled their journals and allowed for understanding of this new area. This expedition lasted until 1906 and was considered the most successful expedition in United States history. The discovery of so many plants and animals greatly expanded the scientific knowledge at that time. Scientific names were given to many of these new species and allowed for additional research to be conducted to be able to understand their purpose in nature. Their discoveries were a lso mapped out to serve as a visual aid of their travels, which gave the world the ability to see the new and exciting wilderness. A book written 1864 by George Perkins Marsh was reason for the conservation movement of the nineteenth century. The book called Man and Nature, called attention to the harm that people caused to nature. This idea differed from the thoughts of previous naturalists who believed that human impact was beneficial to the environment. Marsh lived in Vermont and made his living as a farmer and a congressman. His duties as a diplomat brought him to Europe and Asia, which is where he observed the damage done to agricultural land by humans. He witnessed soil erosion, water pollution, dust storms, and economic decline because of humans harmful effects to nature. After returning to the United States Marsh wrote this famous book, in which he stressed that the environment was varied and complex but still part of a whole. The harmful actions that take place in one area can be linked to damage that occurred in another area. The ideas that he presented in this book were well received by the public and introduced the world to ecology and forestry policy (National Park Service 2008). This book caused the nation to take notice of the destruction of natural resources that was taking place and the need for management for the benefit of the nations future. The establishment of the United States Forest Service changed the way that the nations forests were being managed. The U.S. Forest Service formed in 1905 to provide the nation with quality timber and water. This federal agency of the United States Department of Agriculture serves its purpose by managing the public land of the national forests and grasslands across the nation. First led by Gifford Pinchot, the U.S. Forest Service aims to provide the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people in the long run. Over the last 100 years, this vision has shifted to managing national forests and grasslands for multiple uses such as sustainable yields of renewable resources such as water, forage, wildlife, wood, and recreation (USDA Forest Service 2007). The Forest Service focuses on administration and protection of national forests while researching management techniques of forest, range, watershed, and recreation areas. The agency also works to improve wildlife habitat, fores t product development, and fire and pest control. Cooperation with state and private forests across the nation is also essential for proper management to take place. The land managed by the Forest Service totals 193 million acres, which allows for much public enjoyment of natural environments all over the country. The period of time from 1970 to 1980 is often referred to as the Decade of the Environment. During this time, many environmental laws were passed for such things as air quality, water quality, land use, and wildlife. Leading up to this decade, the writings of Rachel Carson and other ecologists caused awareness of environmental issues. In 1969, the first Earth Day was organized and continues to be celebrated every year. One of the most important advances made during the Decade of the Environment was the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA received the task of repairing the damage already done to the natural environment and to establish new criteria to guide Americans in making a cleaner environment a reality (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2008). Over the years, the focus of the EPA has changed. Originally, the EPA focused on developing and enforcing regulations, but now works more to promote a proactive approach to prevent problems. Among the num erous environmental acts passed during this decade are the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act. The Endangered Species Act was passed by Congress in 1973 and aimed to help prevent the loss of species in the United States and has served as a model for other countries to follow. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carries out the duties of this act by identifying species that are endangered or threatened. Species that are considered endangered are on the verge of becoming extinct and receive legal protection from hunting or any other form of killing. Threatened species are ones that are likely to become endangered in the future. This act promotes the protection of habitat of endangered species. The Endangered Species Act also requires that actions taken by federal agencies do not jeopardize the existence of any listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat of such species (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2008). This act is the most effective way to protect wildlife such as birds, reptiles, insects, and mammals as well as fl owers, grasses, and trees from extinction. The establishment of this act was the first concerned effort made by the United States to combat the problem of decreasing populations in nature. Over the years, the management of natural resources in the United States has made great advances. Many great people have made significant contributions that allow the public to enjoy all that nature has to offer. Environmental awareness has also greatly increased and improvements have been made to combat previous and future problems. The importance of human respect for natural resources is shown throughout history and continues to be the responsibility of all people. Effective conservation starts with proactive approaches by those willing to make the effort, which in turn leads to sustainability of the land for future generations to utilize and enjoy. RESOURCES OF NATURAL RESOURCES There are many resources that professionals in natural resources related career fields use on a regular basis. Reading these resources supplements prior knowledge, as well as increases the knowledge of professional understanding. It is important to stay up to date with the latest developments in research and policy to maintain an active and professional status. Many professional societies and other organizations in natural resources publish journals, magazines, and newsletters, as well as have websites that inform the public about their cause and keep professionals updated. These resources are beneficial to continuing education and are referred to often because of their reliability over the years. The Wildlife Society, the Society of American Foresters, and the National Recreation and Park Association publish the resources that are of significant importance in the natural resources profession. The Wildlife Society (TWS) was founded in 1937 and works to enhance the ability of wildlife professionals to conserve diversity, sustain productivity, and ensure responsible use of wildlife resources for the benefit of society (The Wildlife Society 2008). TWS is an international association in which members are dedicated to the science and education of wildlife resources. Members of this professional society expand their knowledge and grow professionally through certification and conferences, as well as through working groups and peer-reviewed publications. Working groups are forums for the members where information is exchanged. These working groups work to publish newsletters, hold meetings, and organize symposiums and workshops. The benefits of joining a working group include advancement of skills, making connections with colleagues, keeping up to date with the latest information, and the opportunity to participate in special projects related to the wildlife profession (The Wildli fe Society 2008). The Wildlife Society publishes several publications that address the science and education, as well as the policy, of the wildlife profession. The need to gather and distribute scientific knowledge has been an integral part of the mission of The Wildlife Society, and over the years TWS has published in-depth and high quality publications. These publications include the Journal of Wildlife Management, The Wildlife Professional, Wildlife Monographs, and The Wildlifer. All of these publications are made available to members through The Wildlife Societys website. First published in 1937, the Journal of Wildlife Management is among the worlds best scientific journals covering wildlife science, management and conservation (The Wildlife Society). It is published eight times a year by The Wildlife Society and also includes the work that previously had been published in the Wildlife Society Bulletin which is no longer in print. The Journal of Wildlife Management is available in print or can be accessed online by all members of TWS, or individual articles and journals may be purchased. To submit a manuscript to the Journal of Wildlife Management, specific manuscript guidelines must be followed. Authors must understand the policy, procedures, format, and style of the outlet to which they are submitting a manuscript (Chamberlain 2008). Manuscripts that are published contain information that is based on original research and contributes to the science of wildlife management. The Wildlife Professional, published by The Wildlife Society is a magazine that is provided to all members as part of the membership fee. It was first published in the spring of 2007 to inform wildlife professionals about critical advances in wildlife science, conservation, management, and policy (The Wildlife Society 2008). The Wildlife Professional is published quarterly and features lengthy articles, summaries of scientific articles, and profiles of professional wildlife managers. Regular columns are also written to cover topics such as ethics within the profession, the connections between humans and animals, and health and diseases. The goal of The Wildlife Professional is to publish accurate information and solid arguments in a highly readable format. Submitted manuscripts are written in a way that makes the information easily understood by readers who are not experts in the field. Readers of The Wildlife Professional range from wildlife biologists and conservation officers, to policy makers and wildlife and conservation students. The Wildlife Society allows for access of this publication online with a fee to non-members. Another publication of The Wildlife Society that keeps its members updated is The Wildlifer. This newsletter is the official publication of record of TWS and contains information about conservation issues; TWSs section, chapter and working group activities; updates on membership programs and benefits; member news and meetings of interest (The Wildlife Society 2008). The Wildlifer is published quarterly in electronic format and can also be accessed by non-members as well through The Wildlife Societys website. Print copies may also be received by the request of a member. Important information about upcoming events, government affairs, candidate statements, and the achievements of fellow members are highlighted in the Winter 2008 issue, as well as a message from The Wildlife Society President. The Society of American Foresters (SAF) was formed in 1900 by Gifford Pinchot and is the largest society of professional foresters in the world. The Society of American Foresters works to advance the science, education, technology, and practice of forestry (The Society of American Foresters 2008). Members of SAF develop excellence in the forestry profession and enhance their competency and knowledge. They apply their skills and knowledge in conservation to ensure the health and wise use of forest ecosystems and resources. The Society of American Foresters provides its members with information and the opportunity to network with other professionals in order to prepare for challenges within the natural resources profession. The major belief of SAF is that forests are important to the health and welfare of all people and that forests must be sustained to meet environmental, economic, and community needs. Foresters who live by this belief are dedicated to implementing the proper forest m anagement and conservation practices. They also work to provide the public with accurate knowledge of forestry. Members of SAF include natural resources professionals in both public and private settings, administrators, researchers, educators, and students. To keep members updated and to provide information to the public, SAF publishes several publications about the latest news, policy issues, and research about forestry and natural resources. The Journal of Forestry and The Forestry Source, along with The E-Forester newsletter keep forestry professionals up to date about the latest developments in the field. The Journal of Forestry was first published in 1902 by the Society of American Foresters and is the most widely read forestry journal in the world. The main goal of the Journal of Forestry is to advance the profession of forestry by keeping professionals informed about significant developments and ideas in the many facets of forestry (The Society of American Foresters 2008). Topics of forestry discussed in the Journal of Forestry include economics, education and communication, fire, forest ecology, entomology and pathology, history, international forestry, silviculture, soils, recreation, wildlife management, and hydrology to name a few. It is published eight times a year and is received by all members of the Society of American Foresters. Members can also access the this journal online through their subscription, while non-members can purchase pay-per-view access of online archives. Professionals of forestry and natural resources, land managers, and policy makers are the audience to which this scholarly journal is written. Members of the Society of American Foresters also receive the organizations newspaper, The Forestry Source. This newspaper is published twelve times a year and offers the latest information on national forestry trends, the latest developments in forestry policy, the newest advances in forestry-related research and technology, and up-to-date information about SAF programs and activities (The Society of American Foresters 2008). The Forestry Source contains feature articles that examine significant issues, short articles on science and technology in forest science, articles of instruction about various forestry topics, and records of the activities of SAF at the national, state, division, and chapter levels. Non-members can receive the newspaper for a subscription fee, while members of the Society of American Foresters receive it as part of their membership. The E-Forester is a newsletter provided by the Society of American Foresters. It is an easy-to-access email newsletter designed w ith the busy SAF member in mind to keep them updated with the latest news in forestry and natural resources (The Society of American Foresters 2008). It is sent exclusively to members twice a month and each issue includes the top stories in forestry, news in sustainability and certification, the latest studies and research, and information about upcoming events. Natural resources professionals who direct their focus to the recreation and park aspect of the field are often a part of the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA). The mission of the NRPA is to advance parks, recreation, and environmental conservation efforts that enhance the quality of life for all people (National Recreation and Park Association 2007). The belief of the NRPA is that parks and recreation enhance the quality of life by providing services and programs that meet needs and instill environmental values. They work to promote public awareness and gain support for the different recreation, park, and leisure activities, as well as the natural resources aspects of the management of these services. The NRPA also works to develop and improve recreation and tourism services while informing the public to give them a better understanding of the opportunities in nature available to them. Park and recreation professionals look to the publications of the NRPA to stay informed, among these publications is Parks Recreation magazine. This magazine is available to members of the NRPA to motivate and inform professionals, leaders, and citizens to elevate the value of parks and recreation as a public service (National Recreation and Park Association 2007). Every month, this magazine is published and features articles and columns about all aspects of parks and recreation to help professionals do their jobs more effectively and to increase the use of outdoor recreation areas. The NRPA is dedicated to advancing the conservation efforts that will improve park and recreation use for all people and their publications reflect this belief. The information and the insight within Parks Recreation allows for parks and recreation to receive recognition and for the professionals who manage them to help them reach their full potential. The archives of this magazine are available online at the NRPAs website for anyone who wants to access to it. The resources that are available to natural resources professionals are numerous and important. The knowledge gained while reading and using these resources helps advance a professional career and aids in teaching others. Staying up to date in the newest developments helps to gain and maintain status in a professional community. Being knowledgeable in the subject matter reflects in ones work and goes on to represent the quality of ones life and professional attitude. The ability to differentiate between reliable resources comes as a result of experience in the field. The trustworthy resources that pertain to the natural resources profession are very valuable to professionals. These resources should become a regular part of ones life and work and should be referred to often. COMMUNICATION IN NATURAL RESOURCES To be a contributing member of a professional community, one must effectively communicate with fellow professionals and the public. Communication allows for information to be shared which results in gaining the knowledge and understanding that is essential for career growth. In natural resources there are many skills that professionals must possess to communicate both in writing and orally. The communication skills that are necessary include an adequate educational background, a desire to learn and educate others, an interest in the history of the profession as well as knowledge of the current events, and membership within a professional society. All of these communication skills are essential to career in natural resources. Education is an important part of developing good communication skills. Through a college education, certain levels of understanding are gained and are also expected by others in the same professional community. In natural resources ones educational background could consist of an Associates Degree, Bachelors Degree, Masters Degree, or Doctorate Degree. Typically a Bachelors degree is desired for most entry-level positions and serves as an excellent background because of the variety of classes that have been taken. General classes provide the basis for learning, as more specific classes provide opportunities for in-depth study. Additions are made to educational backgrounds through various work experiences, and opportunities to communicate with professionals and the public are numerous. Field experience greatly supplements the classroom education and in most cases allows for interaction with others with common interests and continued educational opportunities. Another important part of communication skills is the desire to learn new things and the ability to educate others. The need to maintain and gain knowledge through continuing education is essential to staying updated in the natural resources profession. It is also very important to be able to provide information and educational opportunities to the public. Effective communication is crucial to create awareness of work done by a particular agency or to emphasize the importance of specific natural resources related issues. Working with the public to provide answers to their questions is frequently a large part of a natural resources career. Being able to share information with the public takes place by communicating in a way that makes the common knowledge of professionals easily understood by those who are not as familiar with the subject. There is significant value in having a sincere interest for a chosen career field that fuels the desire to learn as much as possible about the history and current events. Having knowledge in these areas allows for professional growth as well as the ability to accurately share important information with others. Sharing information with others allows for interactions to be made with the public and helps to make connections and solve problems. While communicating with the public and catering to their needs, advances are made in communication skills as one encounters many people who all have different backgrounds. Diversity such as this increases professional communication abilities and serves as an excellent pathway for information to be shared with as many people as possible. Having the desire to share knowledge with others is an admirable quality that people take notice of and this will positively reflect in the attitude of the public and often bring respect to a professional society, federal agency, or other workplace. Communication skills are also developed through membership with a professional society. Being associated with others who have made the same or similar career choices allows for a sense of belonging and the ease of communicating ideas and information with others. Specific language is expected to be used by members of professional societies and serves as the basis for written and oral communication. Effective communication is necessary at meetings and other events that other professionals and the public attend so that information can be shared. Active membership with a professional society allows for opportunities for valuable communication skills to be utilized. Many organizations serve as an advocate for a specific cause, and must be able to communicate their ideas to the government or the public in a positive way that will result in favorable reactions from others. This must be done in a considerate way and may require collaboration with lawmakers if the issue receives enough public support. It is important to educate the public and represent the mission of a particular society in order to accomplish the goals of professional organizations. FORMS OF COMMUNICATION IN NATURAL RESOURCES There are many forms of communication that are used in the natural resources community. These forms of communication are both written and oral and can occur on a daily basis or take place only once or twice a year. Some of this communication is quite informal, while some forms follow specific guidelines that require considerable effort from all involved. Websites, brochures, posters, interpretive programs, maps, meetings and workshops, newsletters, magazines, journal articles, and books are all examples of communication used by professionals in natural resources related career fields. These forms of communication allow for important information to be shared with all who care to do so. There are many ways in which natural resources professionals communicate with one another and the public. Through the use of the official websites of agencies and organizations, information is exchanged and knowledge is gained by those who view them. The written communication of these websites represents main objectives, history, and current events that directly deal with the agency or organization. For example, the websites of the National Recreation and Park Association and the United States Forest Service contain information about the various aspects of their organizations. There are numerous links to follow for related information and resources for the viewer to maximize their knowledge base of natural resources. Each website also offers the viewer to send for more information, to email members of the organization, or to submit any questions that they may have. With this option available, the viewing public can communicate in many different ways (National Recreation and Park Asso ciation 2007; United States Forest Service 2008b). Brochures, maps, posters, displays, and interpretive programs are all forms of communication that are a part of daily life for most natural resources professionals. In outdoor recreation areas such as parks or forests, many visual aids serve as the way recreation users communicate with the agency that manages the recreation area. Many of these visual aids promote the area and urge people to utilize it. They also place emphasis on important issues that the public should be made aware of. The Black Elk Wilderness and Norbeck Wildlife Preserve Trail System in the Black Hills National Forest has a brochure that contains general information about the trail system and provides expectations for visitor use, maps and contact information, and gives detailed descriptions of the various trails that are a part of the system. In many state and national park settings, visitors come to enjoy the beauty that surrounds them and also to learn about the historical and ecological history that goes along with the area. Interpretive programs teach visitors in ways that allow for interaction and give them something to think about as they enjoy their visit. At Mount Rushmore National Monument, Ranger Walks are guided tours on the Presidential Trail where a park ranger speaks about Mount Rushmore and the natural environment around it. Programs like these give visitors insight about some of the issues that matter most in the natural resources profession (United States Forest Service 2008a; National Park Service 2008). Many of the professional societies in natural resources hold meetings, workshops, and conventions. These events allow for professionals to gather in one place and communicate with one another and anyone else in attendance. The Wildlife Society has an annual convention that provides great opportunities for professional growth where one can learn about new research, management practices, and policy issues. There are also opportunities for attending workshops as part of the convention where hands-on approaches to new techniques are learned. This annual event allows for networking among the 1,500 wildlife biologists that are in attendance. As a result of attending a convention like this, thoughts and ideas are exchanged and everyone comes away with more knowledge to share with others. The newest developments are often presented at events like these and those in attendance should share the information that they received with others to allow for maximum communication to take place (The Wil dlife Society 2008). The journals, books, magazines, and newsletters that are written by and written with the natural resources professional in mind provide an excellent way for information to be stored and to be shared. Anyone with access to these publications can gain knowledge from the writings about new developments, research, and events. These forms of communication can be read and contributed to on a daily basis. Current issues of journals, magazines, and newsletters are published on a weekly, monthly, or even quarterly basis and work to keep the professional community updated in many ways. The publications of the Society of American Foresters are numerous and supply foresters and natural resources professionals with information about forestry in the different environments of the United States as well as publish the Journal of Forestry, which the premier scholarly journal in forestry. These sources not only keep professionals updated, but they also are essential for students who are researching the various aspects of natural resources. Many of these publications are available in an electronic format as well, which allows for people from all over the world to learn about forestry in general and the purpose of the Society of American Foresters (Society of American Foresters 2008). Communication is a very important part of any career and allows for professional growth and works in many was to inform the public. The forms of communication that are used in natural resources most often involve working with the public to assist them and answer questions about various aspects of natural resources. Both written and oral communication allows professionals to interact with people and to share valuable information. It is essential that professionals have communication skills that allow for positive interactions to take place and for the greatest amount of information to be shared with those who need it. STYLE MANUAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES It is important that specific sets of rules for writing in each profession are established. These rules or style manuals set the standards for writing and allow for all documents to be similar in design with content being the only difference. Style manuals provide a framework for writers to keep documents organized. The style manual used by those in the natural resources profession is the Council of Science Editors (CSE), formerly called Council of Biology Editors (CBE) style manual. The CSE style manual is used by the Journal of Wildlife Management and serves as a basis for manuscript guidelines being submitted for publication. The Council of Science Editors (CSE) strives to promote the effective communication of information in science. The purpose of the council is to provide its members with scientific communication by means of discussion, education, and exchange. The CSE is the authority of the current and emerging issues in the communication of scientific information (Council of Science Editors 2008a). This council used to be known as the Council of Biology Editors (CBE) and the name change occurred in January of 2000 to better represent the membership. The CBE was created 1957 by the National Science Foundation and the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The CSE has approximately 1,200 members and works closely with many organizations that publish scientific data and research (Council of Science Editors 2008b). The CSE style manual is the format preferred by writers in many disciplines in the natural sciences, including biology, geology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics (UNC University Libraries 2007). This style manual focuses on the citation style that documents should have in scientific writing. When using the CSE style manual, two different citation styles can be used, the name-year system and the citation-sequence system. The in-text citations and the listing of works cited appear differently for these two styles. When using the name-year system, the last name of the author of the source is cited in the text followed by the date and enclosed by parentheses. The citation corresponds to the reference list at the end of the document. The citation-sequence system gives each source used in the text a number the first time is appears and if the source appears again it is given the same number. At the end of the paper, these numbers are listed along with the publication information about t he source (dianahacker.com). The CSE style manual that is used for all scientific writing differs from the style manuals that are used in other professions. Another commonly used style manual is the American Psychological Association (APA) style manual that is used in most social science classes (dianahacker.com). The CSE and the APA style manuals are different in the way that in-text citations and the works cited are set up within the paper. There are also differences in the formatting of the paper as a whole. As previously mentioned, CSE has two methods that can be used for in-text citations. APA has one style where quotes and paraphrased material is cited by parentheses where each parenthetical citation refers to a complete citation found in the list of references at the end of the paper (Duke University Library 2007). The names of author are often used to introduce the quoted or summarized material in APA format, and in that case, the year and page number(s) are documented parenthetically. When the author, y ear, and page number are all cited parenthetically, each item is separated from the others with a comma. When using the name-year style of CSE, the author and date are cited parenthetically as well, but are not separated with a comma. The document formatting that is required by the CSE and the APA style manuals has similarities and differences. Both styles have title pages where the title, author, course name, and date appear centered on the page. Margins are set at least one inch on all sides and line spacing is always doubled for both styles. Immediately after the title page, an abstract that summarizes the entire paper is often required by both CSE and APA. The abstract is usually one paragraph in length and bibliographic references are not to be included. Each style also encourages the use of headings to keep the paper organized. Depending on the length and depth of the paper, subheadings can also be utilized according to the specifications of each style manual. The references are also listed differently at the end of the paper for each style. The names of authors are listed with last name first, followed by the initial of the first name and are separated with a comma for each style. The date follows the autho r information, and is listed differently for each style. CSE simply lists the year while APA uses the year followed by comma, the month and the date, which are all enclosed by a set of parentheses. Both styles list the name of the title of the book, article, report, or webpage next followed by the name of the publication or the location of the publisher. Page numbers are listed last, and if applicable, website address is listed along with date of access (dianahacker.com). The little differences that are evident in these formatting styles are what set apart each specific style manual. Literature Cited Chamberlain, M. 2007. Journal of Wildlife Management Guidelines. 28 Nov 2007:1-57. Mizrach, S. 2008. Alternative Medicine and the Appropriation of Scientific Discourse. https://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/altern-med.html. Accessed 10 Feb 2008. RiceOWL. 2005. The Rice On-line Learning Lab. Understanding your discourse community. https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~riceowl/understanding_your_discourse_ community.htm. Accessed 10 Feb 2008. The University of Chicago. 2006. Discourse. https://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/discourse.htm. Accessed 09 Feb 2008. The Wildlife Society. 2008. The Wildlife Societys Mission. Purposes and objectives. https://joomla.wildlife.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=106Itemid=107. Accessed 11 Feb 2008. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 2008. Animal Diversity Web. What is in a scientific name? https://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu.site/animal_names/ scientific_name.html. Accessed 11 Feb 2008. Washington State University. 2006. Washington State University Libraries. What is discourse? https://www.wsulibs.wsu.edu/electric/trainingmods/gened300/ Academic_Disciplines/discourse.htm. Accessed 10 Feb 2008.